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résumé: les aliments 3ac + PDF

L’aliment

Les êtres vivants mangent et boivent pour survivre.

La composition des aliments

  • Matières organiques : glucides, lipides, protéines, vitamines
  • Matières minérales : eau et sels minéraux

Tous les aliments sont faits de ces éléments.

Les types d’aliments

  1. Les aliments simples :
    • Glucides, lipides, protides, sels minéraux, vitamines, eau
  2. Les aliments composés :

    Formés de plusieurs aliments simples.Exemple : amidon + eau = pain

  3. L’aliment complet :

    Contient tous les types d’aliments simples.Exemple : le lait

Mise en évidence de la composition des aliments

On utilise des échantillons ou un filtrat d’aliment, puis on ajoute des réactifs pour identifier les constituants.

  • Sucres réducteurs : liqueur de Fehling + chauffage (100°C) + filtrat → précipité rouge brique
  • Ions calcium : oxalate d’ammonium + filtrat → précipité blanc
  • Ions chlorure : nitrate d’argent + filtrat → précipité blanc qui noircit à la lumière
  • Protéines (protides) : acide nitrique + protide → couleur jaune
  • Eau : chauffage → vapeur d’eau
  • Amidon : eau iodée + amidon → bleu violacé ou bleu noir

Les grandes catégories d’aliments

  1. Aliments bâtisseurs (riches en protéines)
    • Produits laitiers
    • Viande, poisson, œufs
  2. Aliments énergétiques (riches en glucides et/ou lipides)
    • Céréales : blé, riz, maïs
    • Patate douce, manioc, pomme de terre
    • Huiles, beurre
    • Sucres
  3. Aliments protecteurs (riches en vitamines et sels minéraux)
    • Fruits : mangue, orange, citron, papaye, melon, ananas…
    • Légumes : tomate, carotte, salade, gombo

les aliments 3ac résumé pdf

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