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résumé du : la digestion des aliments 3ac + PDF

L’appareil digestif

L’appareil digestif comprend deux parties principales :

Glandes digestives

Elles sont reliées au tube digestif et sécrètent des sucs digestifs contenant des enzymes.

  • Exemples : glandes salivaires, pancréas, foie…

Tube digestif

Il regroupe la cavité buccale, le pharynx, l’œsophage, l’estomac et les intestins. 👉 C’est le trajet physique de la digestion.

La digestion

La digestion est la transformation mécanique et chimique des aliments en nutriments.

Digestion mécanique

  • Bouche : mastication (les dents broient les aliments).
  • Estomac : contractions qui continuent le broyage.

Digestion chimique

Elle se fait grâce aux enzymes et aux sucs digestifs tout au long du tube digestif.

Exemple : la salive contient l’amylase salivaire qui transforme l’amidon en maltose.

Dans l’estomac

Protides (protéines) + suc gastrique ⟶ polypeptides

Conditions : H₂O + acide chlorhydrique (HCl) + ≈ 37 °C → simplification partielle des protéines.

Dans l’intestin grêle

  • Maltose ⟶ Glucose
  • Polypeptides ⟶ Acides aminés
  • Lipides ⟶ Acides gras + Glycérol

Simplification moléculaire (intestin grêle)

SubstratAgents / ConditionsProduits
Lipides (macromolécule)Bile (émulsification)Lipides fragmentés
Lipides fragmentésLipase + H₂O + 37 °CAcides gras + Glycérol
PolypeptidesPeptidase / Protéase + H₂O + HCl + 37 °CAcides aminés
Amidon (macromolécule)Amylase pancréatique + H₂O + 37 °CMaltose
MaltoseMaltase + H₂O + 37 °CGlucose

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